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Notifications: In addition to the notification area, Ubuntu also has a pop-up, short-term notification system that is used to keep you informed of changes to your system s volume, screen brightness, network availability, IM friend status, and other useful things. You might want to disable some notifications if they start to annoy you. Hide Windows button: At the bottom left is the Hide Windows button that instantly minimizes all open windows to give access to the desktop underneath. Window List: The largest portion of the panel at the bottom of the screen is occupied by the Window List, which shows the programs that are currently running (if any). As with Windows, you can simply click the button for any program to bring that window to the top. Alternatively, you can right-click each entry to instantly minimize or maximize that particular window. It s also possible to switch between running applications on the Window List by pressing Alt+Tab. Trash: To the extreme right of the bottom panel is the Trash icon. Dragging files or folders into this icon causes them to be moved to the trash. From here you can also empty the trash or view its contents.

Another simple use of the ip tool is to show device attributes, which you can do with the ip link show command. This command shows usage statistics for the device you ve specified but no address information. Listing 8-7 provides an example of its output. Listing 8-7. Use the ip link show Command for an Overview of Link Attributes. root@ZNA:~# ip link show 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,10000> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,10000> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:a0:a5:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff The information displayed by ip link show is related to the activity on the network board. Of particular interest are the device attributes returned for each of the devices (they re displayed in brackets right after the name of the device). For example, in most cases, you can see the attributes BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP for a normal network interface card. The BROADCAST attribute indicates that the device is capable of sending broadcasts to other nodes in the network, the MULTICAST attribute indicates that the device can also send multicast packets, and UP indicates that the device is working. The command also shows all IP protocol attributes, such as the maximum transmission unit (mtu) that is used on the interface.

Note There s one important difference between the Recycle Bin in Windows and Ubuntu s Trash. By default, the

table with Junior in the primary key, but Junor will not be accepted. In general, all 1-Many relationships between classes in a data model are set up this way. Listing 1-5 shows the SQL for creating the Member table with a foreign key constraint.

Recycle Bin uses only 10 percent of the remaining space on a hard disk. After this, the oldest items are automatically deleted. With Ubuntu s version, the only limit on the contents is the remaining free space on the disk. Nothing will ever be removed from the Trash unless you specifically choose to remove it.

Just as with the ifconfig tool, you can use the ip tool to assign an IP address to a device. To do this, you could use a command like ip address add 10.0.0.10/16 brd + dev eth0. This command sets the IP address to 10.0.0.10 for eth0. With this IP address, a 16-bit subnet mask is used, which is indicated by the /16 directly behind the IP address. The broadcast address is

Workspace switcher: Beside the Trash icon is the Workspace switcher, used to move between virtual desktops, described later in this chapter.

You can shut down or reboot your PC by clicking the Off button in the top-right corner of the screen. On many laptops and desktops, you can also briefly press the on/off button on the computer. The former method presents you with a selection of options in a drop-down list, while the latter launches a dialog box showing icons for various options, as shown in Figure 6-4.